As AD’s pathogenesis and progression are not fully developed, no disease-modifying treatments are available for AD. However, concerning invasive approaches and high cost, it is essential to identify new biomarkers in other less invasive and easily collectible body fluids like the serum, urine, and expiratory gas. The AD biomarkers, such as CSF measures of Aβ1-42, t-tau, and p-tau, can assess aged patients’ overall health and diseased condition and the pathogenic processes and pharmacological effects of any therapy ( Olsson et al., 2016). The current hypotheses of AD mainly include the amyloid cascade hypothesis, the tau protein hypothesis, the inflammation hypothesis, the iron dyshomeostasis, the ferroptosis hypothesis, and the oxidative stress hypothesis ( Wang et al., 2022). The hallmark pathologies are the accumulation of the protein beta-amyloid outside neurons and twisted strands of the protein tau inside neurons in the brain. AD is a slowly progressive brain disease that begins many years before symptoms emerge.

The outbreak of COVID-19 has accelerated the progression to death in AD patients ( Xia et al., 2021). This study explored the therapeutic mechanism of AR based on multi-platform metabolomics analyses and provided a scientific basis for the application of AR in the prevention and treatment of AD.Īlzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia in people over 65, is rising as our population ages. These multi-platform metabolomics analyses were in accord with the results of behavior study, histopathological observations, and biochemical analyses. The regulated metabolites affected by AR were involved in the pathway of arginine biosynthesis, arginine and proline metabolism, ether lipid metabolism, glutathione metabolism, primary bile acid biosynthesis, and steroid biosynthesis. With the pre-treatment of AR, 32 metabolites in the serum of AD model rats were significantly affected by AR compared with the AD model group. A total of 49 biomarkers associated with the AD model were identified by metabolomics, and pathway analysis was performed to obtain the metabolic pathways closely related to the model. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF/MS) were combined with multivariate statistical analysis to identify potential biomarkers of AD and evaluate the therapeutic effect of AR on AD from the perspective of metabolomics. Behavior study, histopathological observations, and biochemical analyses were applied in the AD model assessment. This study aims to evaluate AR’s therapeutic effect and mechanism on AD model rats induced by D-galactose and AlCl 3 with serum metabolomics. However, the effect and its molecular mechanism are not elucidated clear.

Anemarrhenae Rhizoma (AR) has multiple pharmacological activities to prevent and treat Alzheimer’s disease (AD).

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